 Venus in real color | ||||||||||
| Designations | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation | /ˈviːnəs/ ( listen) | |||||||||
| Adjective | Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean, Venerean | |||||||||
| Epoch J2000 | ||||||||||
| Aphelion | 108,942,109 km 0.728 231 28 AU | |||||||||
| Perihelion | 107,476,259 km 0.718 432 70 AU | |||||||||
| Semi-major axis | 108,208,930 km 0.723 332 AU | |||||||||
| Eccentricity | 0.006 8 | |||||||||
| Orbital period | 224.700 69 day 0.615 197 0 yr 1.92 Venus solar day | |||||||||
| Synodic period | 583.92 days[1] | |||||||||
| Average orbital speed | 35.02 km/s | |||||||||
| Inclination | 3.394 71° to Ecliptic 3.86° to Sun’s equator 2.19° to Invariable plane[2] | |||||||||
| Longitude of ascending node | 76.670 69° | |||||||||
| Argument of perihelion | 54.852 29° | |||||||||
| Satellites | None | |||||||||
| Physical characteristics | ||||||||||
| Mean radius | 6,051.8 ± 1.0 km[3] 0.949 9 Earths | |||||||||
| Flattening | 0[3] | |||||||||
| Surface area | 4.60 × 108 km² 0.902 Earths | |||||||||
| Volume | 9.38 × 1011 km³ 0.857 Earths | |||||||||
| Mass | 4.868 5 × 1024 kg 0.815 Earths | |||||||||
| Mean density | 5.204 g/cm³ | |||||||||
| Equatorial surface gravity | 8.87 m/s2 0.904 g | |||||||||
| Escape velocity | 10.46 km/s | |||||||||
| Sidereal rotation period | -243.018 5 day | |||||||||
| Equatorial rotation velocity | 6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s) | |||||||||
| Axial tilt | 177.3°[1] | |||||||||
| North pole right ascension | 18 h 11 min 2 s 272.76°[4] | |||||||||
| North pole declination | 67.16° | |||||||||
| Albedo | 0.65 (geometric) or 0.75 (bond)[1] | |||||||||
| Surface temp. Kelvin Celsius |
| |||||||||
| Apparent magnitude | up to -4.6[1] (crescent) -3.8[5] (full) | |||||||||
| Angular diameter | 9.7" – 66.0"[1] | |||||||||
| Atmosphere | ||||||||||
| Surface pressure | 93 bar (9.3 MPa) | |||||||||
| Composition | ~96.5% Carbon dioxide ~3.5% Nitrogen 0.015% Sulfur dioxide 0.007% Argon 0.002% Water vapor 0.001 7% Carbon monoxide 0.001 2% Helium 0.000 7% Neon trace Carbonyl sulfide trace Hydrogen chloride trace Hydrogen fluoride | |||||||||
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Venus is the second-closest planet to the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. The planet is named after Venus, the Roman goddess of love. After the Moon, it is the brightest natural object in the night sky, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6. Because Venus is an inferior planet from Earth, it never appears to venture far from the Sun: its elongation reaches a maximum of 47.8°. Venus reaches its maximum brightness shortly before sunrise or shortly after sunset, for which reason it is often called the Morning Star or the Evening Star.
Classified as a terrestrial planet, it is sometimes called Earth's "sister planet" because they are similar in size, gravity, and bulk composition. Venus is covered with an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. Venus has the densest atmosphere of all the terrestrial planets, consisting mostly of carbon dioxide, as it has no carbon cycle to lock carbon back into rocks and surface features, nor organic life to absorb it in biomass. A younger Venus is believed to have possessed Earth-like oceans,[8] but these totally evaporated as the temperature rose, leaving a dusty dry desertscape with many slab-like rocks. The water has most likely dissociated, and, because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field, the hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind.[9] The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of the Earth.
Venus's surface was a subject of speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by planetary science in the twentieth century. It was finally mapped in detail by Project Magellan in 1990–91. The ground shows evidence of extensive volcanism, and the sulfur in the atmosphere may indicate that there have been some recent eruptions.[10][11] However, it is an enigma why no evidence of lava flow accompanies any of the visible caldera. There are a low number of impact craters, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young, approximately half a billion years old. There is no evidence for plate tectonics, possibly because its crust is too strong to subduct without water to make it less viscous. Instead, Venus may lose its internal heat in periodic massive resurfacing events.[12]
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